ZOOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS

FOURTO GALERA/PRINCESA

Description: 

      The common furniture beetle is of European origin and  is  found  mainly  in  countries  with  temperate climates, such as United Kingdom, Scandinavia, Germany, Asia (Philippines), Algeria, South Africa and New Zeland.  Adults are from 2,5 to 5,0 mm long. Their shapes are usually elongated and cylindrical.  Their colors are reddish brown to dark Brown or black, with longitudinal rows of pits on the elytra.

Squilla empusa, or mantis shrimp, is a stomatopod crustacean belonging to the Squillidae family. This species is abundant in parts of the Mediterranean Sea with adequate burrowing substrates. S.empusa is a nocturnal carnivore that prefers soft-bodied creatures such as fish, shrimp, krill, marine worms, and snails. The mantis shrimp is a hybrid of a predatory mantis and a shrimp. S. empusa adults can reach a length of 8-10 inches (30 cm). Their segmented, long flattened bodies are translucent to light. Their bodies are separated into two distinct sections: a cephalothorax and an abdomen terminating in a telson. S. empusa is useful to the fishing industry because it is edible and is believed to be rather excellent, particularly in the Mediterranean region where it is consumed (Mili et al., 2013).

Description: 

The carapace of speckled swimming crabs is twice as wide as it is long and can be as wide as 154 mm. The carapace ranges in color from light reddish brown to olive brown and is covered with many small, rounded white spots. The chelipeds (claws) are short and narrow. They have 4 pairs of short, broad pereopods (walking legs) with yellow tips. The fifth pair of pereopods is flattened and paddle-shaped. The perepods and the lower surface of the carapace are densely covered with hair. Speckled swimming crabs can weigh as much as 45 g. Speckled swimming crabs live along sandy beaches in shallow to deep water up to 68 m in depth. They have been found in waters 11 to 28.6 °C in temperature and 27.5 to 35 PSU in salinity. When on land, they prefer the foreshore area of beaches in fine mixed sands with low organic matter. As with other crustaceans, speckled swimming crabs communicate through visual, acoustic, chemical and tactile cues. The associated senses are also used in perceiving the environment.

Description: 

Periplaneta americana are cosmopolitan cockroaches that frequently occur in urban sewage galleries and transit in anthropic environments, spreading pathogens; they are considered hazardous organisms to humans, causing severe health problems such as allergies, asthma, and other (Khodabandeh, 2020). Periplaneta species is native to the Americas; P. americana was introduced to the United States from Africa as early as 1625. They are now common in tropical climates because human activity has extended the insects' range of habitation and are virtually cosmopolitan in distribution due to global commerce. American cockroaches are also found in the warm Mediterranean coast of Spain. The adult cockroaches are about 2 to 4 cm in length and about 1cm in width. The cockroach's body is compressed dorso-ventrally, bilaterally symmetrical, segmented, and divisible into three distinct regions – head, thorax, and abdomen.  Periplaneta americana powder was used in wound healing, enhancing immune, promoting blood circulating in the TCM, and P. americana extract extends the scope of the application (Zeng et al., 2019).

Description: 

Scolopendra morsitan is a species of centipedes in the family Scolopendridae. This species distributed in arid to semi-arid regions. This species is found throughout the tropics and other warm regions, including Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, Africa, Madagascar, South and East Asia, and Australia, with a few records in tropical South America. It can also be found under rocks and in deep leaf litter. It is a free-ranging predator of ground-dwelling invertebrates and small vertebrates. Active at night. The large scolopendrid centipede, up to 12.7 cm long. Head red to orange; body yellow with dark green stripes. Back legs yellow. The centipede Scolopendra has significant medicinal value and high toxicity, making it an interesting subject for evolutionary studies.

Description: 

Lyssa zampa, known as the tropical swallowtail moth or Laos brown butterfly. Because of its flashy size and behaviour, it often makes local news headlines across Southeast Asia. Despite its prevalence in urban areas, its biology is not studied in great detail. Lyssa zampa is a large moth commonly known as the tropical swallowtail moth or the Laos brown butterfly. The wingspan of L. zampa is 10-16 cm. Lyssa zampa has a light stripe in the middle of both dorsal wings; there is a lighter region immediately distal to this stripe. On the underside there is a more or less even dispersal of dark striation distal to the white band. The hind wings of L. zampa have two tails, the longer one being more central. The ventral side has a smooth brown region distal to the light stripe, and rippled striation proximal to the stripe. Females have a slightly larger wingspan and body, typical in many moths and butterflies. Females also have a slightly lighter colour.

Description: 

    Palystes superciliosus commonly called Huntsman spider has a body length = 25-30 mm. It has slightly darker markings dorsally and the sternum is of the same colour as the spider with a single dark traverse bar between the second coxa. Body length = 25-30 mm. It has slightly darker markings dorsally and the sternum is of the same colour as the spider with a single dark traverse bar between the second coxa.

Description:

Ranina ranina commonly called frog crab may grow up to 150 millimetres long, and may weigh up to 900 grams . The carapace is wider at the front, reddish brown in color, with ten white spots. R. ranina is mainly nocturnal, and remains buried in the sand during the day. It is easily distinguished from other crab species in its habitat due to its red carapace and elongated midsection. Spanner crabs inhabit coastal waters along the east coast of Australia, from Yeppoon in Queensland to the North coast of New South Wales.  'R. ranina' is abundant in the coastal waters of south-western Mindanao, Philippines. These crabs are also found in the eastern coast of Africa, across the Indian Ocean to Indonesia, Japan and Hawaii and Vietnam 

Description:

     Mealworms are the larvae of two species of darkling beetles of the Tenebrionidae family, the yellow mealworm beetle (Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus, 1758), Mealworm beetles are indigenous to Europe and are now distributed worldwide. Tenebrio molitor is a pest of grain, flour and food stores, but often not of much importance since populations are quite small (Ramos-Elorduy et al., 2002). Mealworms are easy to breed and feed, and have a valuable protein profile. For these reasons, they are produced industrially as feed for pets and zoo animals, including birds, reptiles, small mammals, batrachians and fish. They are usually fed live, but they are also sold canned, dried, or in powder form (Aguilar-Miranda et al., 2002; Hardouin et al., 2003; Veldkamp et al., 2012). Mealworms have the ability to recycle plant waste materials of low quality into high-quality feed rich in energy, protein and fat in a relatively short time. A life cycle assessment (LCA) from cradle to mill gate found that the production of mealworm larvae meal had higher impacts (cumulative energy demand, climate change, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, land use) by kg of protein than soybean and fish meal. Meal yield, oil yield, feed intake and electricity consumption had considerable influence on variation in those impacts. Optimization of mealworm productivity is thus required to improve the environmental performance of mealworm production (Thévenot et al., 2018)

Description:

       The common green frog (Hylarana erythraea) is a frog species of in the true frog family Ranidae (Frost, D.R. 2014). The common green frog Hylarana erythraea Schlegel is a small to medium sized frog with bright to dark green color dorsally and laterally (Inger and Stuebing 2005). The species is widely distributed in Southeast Asia (Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and Myanmar), hence suggesting complexity within the species as observed in other widely distributed Southeast Asian frogs (e.g., Stuart et al. 2006, Inger et al. 2009). Study shows that there are antimicrobial peptides from the skin secretions of the South-East Asian frog Hylarana erythraea (Ranidae) (Al-Ghaferi, N., et al. 2010)

Description: 

        Nile Tilapia is a freshwater cichlid native to the Nile River basin; the south-western Middle East; the Niger, Benue, Volta and Senegal rivers, and the lakes Chad, Tanganyika, Albert, Edward, and Kivu (Trewavas, 1983). It has been introduced mostly for farming purposes, into more than 50 countries on all the continents except Antarctica, and is now found in virtually every country within the tropics. It is also present and introduced in the Philippines. Tilapias are the third most farmed fish in the world after carps and salmonids, accounting for 4% of global aquaculture production (FAO, 2010) . The environmental impact in most cases can only be assumed and in most cases is equally related to considerable anthropogenic changes in the environment. Tilapia’s major social impact is as an important source of protein in many developing countries.

Description: 

       Philippine silver therapon, Leiopotherapon plumbeus, locally known as ayungin, is an endemic fish species in the country and is widely distributed throughout Luzon. This species reaches 16 centimeters in maximum length with silver in color. The fish is caught and consumed locally as food. It is considered delicious food of the native freshwater fish in the Philippines. Locally, this species has high economic and ecological importance.

Description: 

       Acrochordus granulatus is a non-venomous aquatic snake species commonly found throughout the waters from India, Southeast Asia, Southeast China to Solomon Islands. It is occasionally sighted at Singapore shores. It is also a popular aquatic snake in the pet trade recently. It is also small in size, where adults average 50–70 cm and grow to a maximum length of approximately 1 m. Acrochordus granulatus are nocturnal hunters, and have been observed to forage in shallow waters. In the Philipines,  Acrochordus granulatus is hunted for its skin, where it is used as leather and to make drums. Humans hunt little file snakes for their meat and for trade on the aquaria market. Occasionally, they are also captured for their skin, which can be used as a substitute for leather to make handbags, shoes, wallets and a number of other items. (Lillywhite, 1996; Shine, 1991)

Description: 

    The Chinese softshell, Pelodiscus sinensis (Wiegmann,1834) (sensu lato), is one of the most widely distributed species of trionychid turtle.  Pelodiscus sinensis is a species of softshell turtle that is endemic to China (Inner Mongolia to Hainan), with records of escapees, some of which have established introduced populations in a wide range of other Asian countries, as well as Spain, Brazil and Hawaii. A small to medium-sized softshell having a carapace (upper shell) length averaging 112-250 mm (about 4.5 to 10 in) (Mao, 1971; Ernst; Ernst et al., 1994). The Chinese softshell is a highly aquatic, mostly carnivorous turtle which feed on insects, crustaceans, mollusks, fish, and the seeds of marsh plants (Pope, 1935; Mao, 1971). Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) is a rare and precious traditional aquatic animal in China. It has a high medicinal and nutritional value with plenty of calipash collagen (Lu JianFeng et al. 2010).

Description:

       Cane toads are heavily built with short legs. They can sometimes grow up to 30cm long, with 20cm not uncommon for females and and average of 12-15cm in many regions. Males are slightly smaller. Fingers lack webbing, but the toes are heavily webbed. Adults have a rough, warty skin, coloured tan, brown or dark brown, dull green or black. The tympanum is distinct, about one half to two thirds the size of the eye. Venom glands are aggregated together to form large and distinctive parotoid glands, found above each shoulder. These glands are able to ooze venom (Gautherot, 2000). Native range: Cane toads are indigenous to northern South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia, Paraguay, Venezuela, the Guianas, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago), Central America, and Mexico northward to extreme southern Texas. Cane toads' original habitat, before their dispersal by humans, was seasonal Amazonian savanna, with small fresh water lakes. Cane toads are found in rain forests, both in their native range and introduced range, such as in Hawaii and New Guinea, though not at high densities. However, they can now be found in many places, such as man-made ponds, gardens, drain pipes, debris, under cement piles and beneath houses. Cane toads will usually stay on dry land and reproduce in any shallow water near its surroundings. Toads and tadpoles are able to tolerate very high levels of salinity. Tadpoles have been observed in water, metres from the open ocean. In the past, cane toads were introduced as a biological control agent for insect pests of sugarcane and other crops. Bufotenine toxin produced by the cane toad is used as an aphrodisiac and hair-restorer in Japan. In mainland China it is used to lower the heart rate of patients undergoing cardiac surgery (Musgrave, 1996). The toxin is used by South American Indians on hunting arrows. The toxin is sometimes used as a narcotic by some people (Lever, 2001). Cane toads were used for pregnancy testing in humans. A woman's urine was injected subcutaneously into the lymph glands of a male toad, resulting in spermatazoa becoming present in the toad's urine if the woman was pregnant (Berra, 1998 in Lever, 2001).

Description: 

   Tokay Geckoes are one of the largest geckoes alive today with a length of around 35 cm. The body of a Gekko gecko is cylindrical, squat, and somewhat flattened on the upper side. The limbs are well-defined and uniformly developed. The head is large and set off from the neck, and they have large, prominent eyes with vertically-slit pupils. The eyelids of these animals are fused together and transparent. They also have remains of a rudimentary third eye on the top of their head, which is believed to coordinate their activity to light conditions. The Tokay Gecko lives in tropical rain forests, on cliffs and trees, and as pets amongst human habitation. They are arboreal (tree-dwelling and cliff-dwelling). Tokay Geckoes are found from northeast India to the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Tokay Geckoes eat pests such as cockroaches and locusts. They are sold as pets. In parts of southeast Asia, Tokay Geckoes are regarded as harbingers of luck, good fortune, and fertility.

Description: 

     Larger and plumper than a Mourning Dove, Rock Pigeons are tubby birds with small heads and short legs. Their wings are broad but pointed wings and the tail is wide and rounded. The rock pigeon is found in variety of habitats including rocky cliffs, farm land, parks, gardens, cities, and suburbs. Humans have trained rock pigeons as homing pigeons. Homing pigeons can find their way home from long distances. Rock pigeons that are not trained usually don't wander far from their territory. The rock pigeon is found from southern Canada and Alaska south through the United States, Mexico, and Central America. The rock pigeon is native to Europe, North Africa, and southwestern Asia. In the 17th-century, colonists brought the rock pigeon to Atlantic Coast settlements in North America.

Description: 

         As there are over a hundred varieties of goldfish, coloration and physical characteristics vary greatly. The common goldfish has two sets of paired fins - the pectoral fins and pelvic fins, and three single fins- the dorsal, caudal, and anal fin. They lack barbels on the upper jaw, and lack scales on the head. Goldfish have exceptionally large eyes and acute senses of smell and hearing. They have 27-31 scales along their lateral lines. Goldfish have (rather than true teeth ) pharyngeal teeth in their throats which they use to crush food. Although goldfishes originated in China, they have now spread worldwide in aquariums, ornamental pools, and into the wild. In the wild, goldfish can be found in slow-moving, freshwater bodies of water. As with their close relative the carp, they thrive in slightly sludgy water. In an aquarium, bi-weekly water changes are a good idea as a goldfish tank is hard to keep clean. They thrive in a pond environment thus the addition of real plants is optimal if the owner is prepared to replace them fairly regularly; goldfish enjoy eating live plants. An aquarium with a dirt bottom is ideal but difficult to maintain. Small pebbles are a suitable substitute for the pond-like bottom. Typically, goldfish will survive in water temperatures ranging from freezing to 30 degrees centigrade. Fancy varieties should be kept in water no cooler than room temperature. Goldfish farming has become an industry of notable size. Millions of fish are bred each year and sold to aquarium shops for resale to fish enthusiasts. In North America there is a demand for goldfish to be used as bait by anglers. Pet shops often have feeder goldfish to sell to owners of carnivorous aquarium fish.

The Rattus fuscipes is found in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and south-western Western Australia a growing market has developed there with most exports going to Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippine, and New Guinea (Menkhorst, Lunney, Ellis, Burnett & Friend, 2008). The foot hair is short and light in color, but the subspecies Rattus fuscipes coracius is much darker. All digits are clawed and the feet are pentadactyl. The tail is a pinkish brown color, practically hairless, with scales that overlap and provide an apparent ringed look. The bush rat has sexual dimorphism, which means that males are bigger than females in the species (Menkhorst & Knight, 2011). The habitat of R. fuscipes is terrestrial and favour wetter areas with dense undergrowth. The species constructs a shallow burrow that leads down into a nest chamber lined with grass and other vegetation (Menkhorst, Lunney, Ellis, Burnett & Friend, 2008). The Rattus fuscipes are rodents that play an important role in the environment. They are opportunistic feeders and scavengers. They will consume rubbish and other items that humans discard. Furthermore, rats play a vital role in the predatory environment (Banks, 2019) .

Cricetinae are all found in Europe, Asia, and the Middle East (Bauer and Williford, 2021). The Syrian hamster, Mesocricetus auratus, was first described and originally named Cricetus auratus by Waterhouse in 1839. Hamster love to dig and climb so cages with deep plastic bases and wire tops work well. You can give them areas to dig and they'll also love to climb the bars of their cage. The first hamsters were discovered in Syria, though they also live in Greece, Romania, Belgium and northern China. In the wild, they like to live in warm, dry areas, like steppes, sand dunes and the edges of deserts (Bradford, 2014) Hamsters are typically stout-bodied, with tails shorter than body length, and have small, furry ears, short, stocky legs, and wide feet. They have thick, silky fur, which can be long or short, colored black, grey, honey, white, brown, yellow, red, or a mix, depending on the species (Bartlett , 2003). The best-known species of hamster is the golden or Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus), which is the type most commonly kept as pets. There are numerous Syrian hamster variations including long-haired varieties and different colors. British zoologist Leonard Goodwin claimed most hamsters kept in the United Kingdom were descended from the colony he introduced for medical research purposes during the Second World War. Hamsters were domesticated and kept as pets in the United States at least as early as 1942 (Goodwin, 2009) .

Description: 

            Iridescent sharks originate from the large rivers Chao Phraya and Mekong in Asia, though they have been introduced into other rivers for aquaculture. Adults reach up to 130 cm (4.3 ft) in length and can weigh up to a maximum of 44.0 kg (97.0 lb). They have a shiny, iridescent color that gives these fish their name. However, large adults are uniformly grey. The fins are dark grey or black. Juveniles have a black stripe along the lateral line and a second black stripe below the lateral line. The economic value of the commercial trade of iridescent shark has resulted in fishery practices and introducing into habitats of many neighbour countries. Iridescent shark is popular in food fish trade in some European Economic Areas (EEA), in USA and in Russia (FAO, 2010) as well. P. hypophthalmus are potamodromous, naturally, they migrate considerable distances between their upstream breeding habitats during May–July, and downstream feeding beds during September–December (Froese and Pauly 2012). This species reach average annual growth of one kilogram and up to 20 years lifespan. Many factors, including reproductive ecology, small egg size, and high fecundity suggest that the species can adapt to high mortality during early life stages (Froese and Pauly 2012; Vidthayanon, and Hogan, 2013).

        Red-bellied pacu are often confused with other pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus, Colossoma macropomum) or piranha (Pygocentrus nattereri) species, due to their similar appearance. The body is deep and laterally compressed, with silvery sides (becoming darker approaching the dorsum) and red coloration on the belly, chin, pectoral fins, and occasionally the leading rays of the anal fin. The remaining rayed fins are uniformly dark-colored. As in other characin species, a small, unrayed adipose fin is present approximately midway between the dorsal and caudal fins. The dorsal fin contains 15-18 rays, the pectoral fins 16-19, the anal fin 24-28, and the pelvic fins 8. Red-bellied pacu can be found in and around floodplains of nutrient rich tributaries, or in headwaters when nutrients are poor. Pacu move further out into main waterways as they mature. Optimal water pH is 6.8, with an optimal temperature of 26°C. Considered a mid level swimmer, this species is found at depths of up to 8 meters. (Burkhart, et al., 2002; Carolsfeld, et al., 2003; Martelo, et al., 2008 )

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