THE HERBARIUM

70,000 PLANT SPECIES ARE UTILIZED FOR MEDICINE.

As it turns out, humans are more diversified in the plants we use for medicine. Although a large portion of that figure applies to traditional medicine, modern medicine is not exempt from plant help.

Convention on Biological Diversity. 

Pteridium aquilinum (Bracken fern) is large and upright, with triangular fronds reaching heights of 3-5 m. Each frond grows separately from an underground branching rhizome. These blades are comprised of smaller pinnate leaflets; the whole frond is 2-3 times pinnate. Bracken fern grows in a multitude of habitats from low to subalpine elevations, including forests, meadows, clearings, avalanche paths, sandy soils, acidic soils, and roadsides. The young shoots are diuretic, refrigerant and vermifuge. They have been eaten as a treatment for cancer. The leaves have been used in a steam bath as a treatment for arthritis, tuberculosis, sores of any type and also to bind broken bones in place. The root is antiemetic, antiseptic, appetizer and tonic. A tincture of the root in wine is used in the treatment of rheumatism. A tea made from the roots is used in the treatment of stomach cramps, chest pains, internal bleeding, diarrhea, colds and also to expel worms.

Mugwort flowers are quite unique as disk flowers grow in panicles, they are very small, and they are reddish or greenish yellow. These flowers are not showy. The leaves are deeply lobed and they have a distinctive aroma. Stems are for the most part without hair except for the upper flowering stems and they typically grow to about 1 metre (3') tall. Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris L.) is a plant related to ragweed used as a food flavorant and for herbal medicine. It is thought to boost energy, calm nerves, support digestion, relieve itching and pain, and promote regular periods, among other things. The evidence supporting these claims is lacking.

Basella alba L. is a herbaceous, perennial vine that can grow to a height of 15-45 cm. It has a dark green, ovate, reddish, or heart-shaped leaves, each 4-7 cm long. Fruits are dark purple enveloping the globose seed (Flora of Panama (2017). This species is widely available at local markets and nurseries due to its edible leaves and stem. Also, a red dye obtained from the fruits is used to make cosmetics and dyes (Useful Tropical Plants, 2017). In traditional medicine, various parts of the plant are used as an antidote to poison. This species has also been reported to have antibacterial, antioxidant, antiulcer, and anti-inflammatory properties, among others (Kumar et al., 2013).

What would you feel If I gave my heart to you? This heart of mine commonly known as the “Heart of Jesus” or the Caladium bicolor cannot be found between the middle of the human chest but is native to the Tropical and subtropical South of America and the Caribbean Region. This Eukaryotic species grows in riverine forests, forest edges, and cassava gardens as a perennial herb, approximately 0.8m tall, and is said to be suitable in acidic in a scale of 5.6 to 6.5 pH and organic matter-rich soils. This geophyte plant comes in a variety of patterns and colors with broad and thin leaves. Its ornamental foliage with Green, Red, White, Yellow / Golden mature foliage colors makes it useful in interiorscape as an indoor plant. It is not just its phenotypic traits that lead it to be an ornament but its reproductive biology aspect where it is an inflorescence that shows odor emission, floral thermogenesis, and nutritious rewards for visitors. If the human heart experiences pain and heartbreak, the Heart of Jesus brings you the best experience in the horticultural trade as long as not exposing them to plant nematodes in the genus Meloidogyne.

Citrofortunella microcarpa, locally known as Calamansi in the Philippines, is a medium-sized shrub that is able to grow up to 3 to 4 meters tall. Its foliage consists of elliptical and aromatic leaves that are light to pale green on the underneath and dark green on top of the surface. Calamansi flowers are generally white and fragrant and are then followed by small, citrussy, and rounded fruits that ripen from green to light orange. Citrofortunella microcarpa has a variety of uses. In cooking and consumption, it can be used as seasoning and can be eaten fresh or made into juice that is rich in vitamin C. As for its medicinal uses, Calamansi juice is traditionally used to relieve coughs and colds. The fruit extract can be used as a hair shampoo for itching and growth while its rind can be squeezed near the nostril for nausea and fainting.

Coccinia grandis is a dioecious, perennial, herbaceous vine that may reach lengths of 9 to 28 m. The stem is a herbaceous climber with adventitious roots that grow where the stem goes along the ground. The tendrils are lengthy and elastic, having a coil-like springy nature that may wrap around the whole length of the host. The leaves are palmately simple with five lobes and range in shape from the heart to the pentagon. The diameter and length of the leaves are roughly 5-10 cm. Coccinia grandis is a medicinal plant that was used in ancient times to relieve irritation and swelling caused by insect bites. Because of the ease and low cost of Coccinia maintenance, this medicinal plant might be used as a natural antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agent, and wound care product.

Attractive foliage, succulent stem, and crenate to incise margins and colorful leaves, these are just some of the characteristics that can describe the wonder of the plant Coleus blumei or also known as Mayana. This low severity poison plant is native in the regions of tropical and subtropical Asia to northern Australia. An herbaceous perennial type of plant that can be ornamental or medicinal as its leaves contain exhibited analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities as Chemists from the University of the Philippines isolated sterols and triterpenes. Aside from its high rosmarinic acid content, it is also rich in alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannin, volatile oil, and quercetin which is essential in the field of Medicine.

Colocasia esculenta (Taro) is a perennial herb with a height of 1.5m or 4ft. (Safo-Kantaka O, 2004). Leaves on the upper surface are dark green and velvety which can be peltate or blades in shape. Each leaf has a length of 60 cm and 50 cm wide. This species has been widely used as food for livestock like pigs and consumed during religious festivals in South East Asia countries. In traditional medicine, it is used to treat arterial hypertension, liver problems, ulcers, snakebites, and rheumatism (Safo-Kantaka, 2004).

Golden Pothos is an evergreen plant with thick, waxy, green, heart-shaped leaves with splashes of yellow. These leaves will grow up to 39 inches long (100 cm) and 18 inches across (45 cm). Pothos is a natural air cleanser, according to a NASA Clean Air Study. It is one of those plants that is excellent at removing pollutants from indoor air. It is quite effective at removing carbon monoxide, benzene, and formaldehyde from the surrounding air. It has this characteristic, making it an ideal choice for entrances, windows, and garages where car exhaust gases may be present.

The Eucalyptus brookeriana, commonly known as Brooker's Gum, is a tree species that is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It has rough, fibrous bark on the lower part of its trunk, smooth bark higher up, lance-shaped, egg-shaped or curved adult leaves, flower buds usually arranged in groups of seven, white flowers and cup-shaped, conical or bell-shaped fruit. Eucalyptus brookeriana is a tree that typically grows to a height of 40 metres (131 ft) and forms a lignotuber. Brooker's Gum has lots of health benefits. It treats respiratory illnesses, burns, cuts and insect bites, and muscle and joint pains. It also reduces fevers with just a small amount of the oil taken internally may temporarily reduce a fever. Stimulant and stress reliever, eucalyptus leaves and oil provide an aroma that can be useful in dealing with stress and fatigue, and also for dental care, eucalyptus oils may be found in mouthwashes and toothpastes because it’s a natural bacteria fighter.

A short-lived herbaceous plant producing a few spreading to almost upright stems usually growing up to 40 cm tall. Its reddish stems contain a milky sap and are covered in yellowish hairs. Its paired leaves (4-50 mm long) are borne on very short stalks and have lop-sided bases. It really can help in treating dengue fever. However, it should not be used for the first three days of the stages of dengue. The tea made from Tawa-Tawa has natural sources to lower someone’s blood pressure. It has an angio-Tenzin enzyme that can reduce the urine output of your body.

Kalanchoe daigremontiana is a monocarpic succulent, commonly called mother of thousands, alligator plant, Devil's backbone, crown of thorns, or Mexican hat plant, is a succulent plant native to Madagascar. It is easy to propagate, making it either a weed or succulent, where the leaves grow tiny bulbils along its edges, rarely blooming when kept indoors. This plant has many medicinal uses including treating insomnia, arthritis, anxiety, and depression. It also strengthens the immune system, detoxifies the body, and improves mental health.

Momordica charantia, commonly known as Bitter Gourd or Ampalaya, is a vigorous, tendril-bearing, annual climbing vine that is native to tropical and subtropical parts of Asia and Africa. Growing 2 to 3 meters tall, the Ampalaya plant has light to dark green leaves that have deep palmate lobes with sharply-toothed margins, gourd-like yellow flowers with 5 spreading petals that bloom from the upper leaf axils which are then followed by bitter, warty, cylindrical, and torpedo-shaped fruits with wrinkled surfaces that ripen from green to orange. Momordica charantia has a long history of medicinal use. Over the years, it has been used traditionally to treat diabetes as it contains a chemical that acts like insulin to aid in the reduction of blood sugar levels. Ampalaya has also been used to protect the liver from damage due to excessive alcohol intake and alleviate skin problems such as psoriasis, ringworm, athlete's foot, among others. Moreover, the Ampalaya plant is studied to have antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, adaptogenic, antioxidant, analgesic, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, anti-dengue, and anti-fungal properties.

Monoon longifolium or sometimes called as ‘False Ashoka’, is an Asian tree specie that belongs to the family Annonaceae. This tree commonly reach as tall as 20m that is used to alleviate noise pollution. This plant is native in Sri Lanka and India but is grown in tropical gardens like Philippines and Indonesia. The leaf extracts contains anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties and can be used as decoration during festivals, while its wood is used to manufacture pencils, boxes, and matchsticks.

Pellionia repens, also known as Trailing Watermelon Begonia, is a plant native to Southeast Asia and is widely grown as houseplants. Its features consist of having grey-green, dark green borders and lime green to silver-green splashes in the middle, leaves that grows on pinkish green stems. This plant can tolerate low humidity and drought, and it also grows on warm temperature. This plant is also disease and pest resistant, and is also not toxic to humans and pets.

The Setaria sphacelata is a tall African grass, also known as South African pigeon grass or African bristle grass. It is native to Southern Africa and Western Australia, and is extensively cultivated globally as a pasture grass and for cut fodder. This is a rhizomatous perennial grass producing flattened, hairless, blue-green stems up to 2 m tall. In Africa, Setaria sphacelata seed heads are an important food source for several bird species, including the long-tailed widowbird. Commercial cultivars have been developed for various climates and soil conditions. South African Pigeon Grass is a good quality forage for ruminants such as cattle, sheep and goats. It has also become naturalized in many countries and is a significant environmental weed in three Australian states. It can be used to make silage and finer types are reported to be suitable for hay making.

Selloum is a non-climbing, tree philodendron that spreads outward rather than growing upward. It often spreads out for 5ft. or more with dark green, shiny, deeply lobed leaves that can be 2ft-3ft (60-90cm) long. The enormous, glossy leaves of selloum function as a vacuum. It extracts airborne impurities and raises the oxygen content of a space. They were discovered to be very effective at eliminating the harmful toxin formaldehyde by researchers at Colorado State University and University of Florida.

The papaya plant is considered a tree, though its palmlike trunk, up to 8 metres. The plant is crowned by deeply lobed leaves, sometimes 60 cm (2 feet) across, borne on hollow petioles (leaf stalks) 60 cm long. Normally, the species is dioecious, male and female flowers being produced on separate plants, but hermaphroditic forms are known, and numerous irregularities in the distribution of the sexes are common. Three human studies that included several hundred people with dengue found that papaya leaf extract significantly increased blood platelet levels.

Okra plants have small erect stems that can be bristly or hairless with heart-shaped leaves. The leaves are 10–20 cm (4–8 in) long with 5–7 lobes. It is one of the oldest cultivated crops and is presently grown in many countries and is widely distributed from Africa to Asia, southern Europe, and America. The roots of the okra plant are very rich in mucilage and can be used as a plasma replacement. The juice of the roots is used to treat cuts, wounds, and boils. The leaves are used in the treatment of catarrhal infections, dysuria, and gonorrhea. The seeds are antispasmodic, cordial, and stimulant. 

The Adiantum lunulatum is an evergreen, perennial fern with fronds up to 40cm long that grow from a rapidly spreading rhizome. It is a foliage plant with arching, black veined leaves with opposite leaf arrangement, parallel leaf venation, serrate leaf margin, and smooth leaf texture. Commonly found in moist forests, rocky areas, and along streams and waterfalls. Adiantum lunulatum has a medicinal benefit because of the presence of phytochemicals, and these compounds have significant antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The DPPH assay and antibacterial activity testing aid in determining the therapeutic value of this fern.

Alocasia cucullata is a herbaceous, evergreen perennial in the Araceae family. It originates from tropical rainforest environments in southern Asia. This plant is known by the common names Buddha's Hand, Chinese Taro and Hooded Dwarf Elephant Ear, amongst others. It typically grows to over a meter in height, branching from the base, heart-shaped green leaves measure between 30-80cm in length and are produced alternately on long green stems. Alocasia cucullata is used externally for treatment of detoxification of viper bites, abscesses, rheumatism and arthritis. This plant can treat flu, high fever, tuberculosis, acute gastritis, gastric ulcer, chronic stomach disease, and enteric typhoid fever. It is also used to clear heat and detoxify, reduce swelling and analgesia.

Andrographis paniculata is an annual herb, erect, growing to a height of 30 to 100 centimeters. Stems are quadrangular. Leaves are simple, opposite, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, glabrous. Flowers are white, bilabiate, with rose-purple spots or markings in the lower lip in axillary or terminal racemes or panicles. Fruit is a capsule, linear-oblong, up to 2 centimeters long and 4 millimeters wide, furrowed, compressed longitudinally with small seeds.In Traditional Chinese Medicine, use for fevers and to remove toxins from the body.A study in India also showed that Leaf extracts showed high anti-fungal activity against Penicillium sp. and A. flavus.

The Kapok tree, often known as the Cotton tree and referred to technically as the Ceiba pentandra, is a 15-meter-tall evergreen tree. The branches are placed in whorls that are horizontal to one another to create the appearance of a tree trunk. The leaves are composed of five to eight leaflets that are lanceolate with pointed tips and range in length from six to fifteen centimeters. Originating in the tropics of the Americas and today widespread in the more populous regions of the Philippines. According to the research done by Nwachukwu, Ikenna, Allison, L.N., Chinakwe, Etienne, and Nwadiaro, P. (2008), the anti-fungal effects of alcohol and water extracts of Citrus citratus, Citrus pentandra, and Litsea benghalensis were looked into. The discovery of polyphenol, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, lipids, and oils was the result of phytochemistry research. 

Jute leaves are alternate, simple, lanceolate, about 5-15 cm in length tapering to a pointed tip, and have a finely serrated margin. Jute plant is a folk remedy for aches and pains, dysentery, enteritis, fever, dysentery, pectoral pains, and tumors. The leaves are used for ascites, pain, piles, and tumors. Elsewhere the leaves are used for cystitis, dysuria, fever, and gonorrhea. The cold-infusion is said to restore appetite and strength. 

Gliricidia sepium, or Madre-cacao, is a small to medium-sized, thornless, deciduous, single- or multiple-stemmed tree. It is native to the Central Americas and is also considered invasive. It can grow from 2 to 15 meters and has leaves with 13-21 oval leaflets with a length of 2-7 cm and a width of 1-3 cm. Madre-cacao has Reddish pink flowers that can be fried and eaten. Its leaves, seeds, and powdered bark is used as a pesticide and is even toxic to humans. Because of its natural anti-insect property, the wood of Madre-Cacao produces termites-resistant buildings and furniture. It also possesses antifungal properties.

Gmelina arborea locally known as gamhar or white teak, is a fast-growing deciduous tree in the family Lamiaceae. Gmelina arborea grows naturally throughout India, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam and in southern provinces of China. G. arborea possess various medicinal properties and biological activities including antidiuretic, antidiarrhoeal, antipyretic, antianalgesic, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antihelmintic, antibacterial, antifungal, cardiopotective, insecticidal, antiulcer, gastro-protective, anticancer, antihyperlipidemic and immunomodulatory activity. It has been reported for its applications in treatment of bone fracture, hypertension and regeneration of β-cells.

Ipomoea aquatica, commonly known as Water Spinach, is a plant in the Convolvulaceae (Morning glory) family and belongs to the same genus as sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas). Water spinach is a tropical and subtropical herbaceous aquatic or semi-aquatic perennial plant. It grows creepingly yet may stand upright in water. It has numerous health benefits which include; strong antioxidant, dietary fiber, and protein content may aid in the treatment of a variety of diseases. It may lower cholesterol levels, aid in the treatment of jaundice and liver disorders, aid in the treatment of anemia, aid in digestion, and guard against heart disease. Water spinach can also be grown and marketed as a vegetable, thereby benefiting the economy as a whole.

Jatropha curcas is a beautiful, medicinal, and multifunctional shrub of the Euphorbiaceaceae family that is well-known for its medicinal characteristics. It is found across the world's dry and semiarid tropical regions. It has traditionally been used to treat bacterial and fungal infections, fevers, muscular soreness, and jaundice. It is also utilized to develop novel medications by identifying active compounds that may be employed to remove infections or decrease the signs and symptoms of human and veterinary illnesses. Its antibacterial, anti-cancer, and anti-HIV properties are widely known. High-performance thin layer chromatography was used to identify the bioactive components in leaf extracts, which demonstrated the presence of key phytochemicals such as flavonoids, saponins, and tannins.

The Ledebouria socialis is a geophytic succulent that has thick, slender olive-green leaves that are attractively spotted and splotched with pewter, and lined with wine underneath. It does not die down and go dormant as our garden lilies and scillas do. It can grow as tall as 10” inches long with bulbs resembling teardrop shape while requiring minimal care. Other Ledebouria species have reportedly been used for medicinal purposes in pregnancy, and as treatments for flu, diarrhea, skin irritations, wounds and lumbago.

Sea lavender (Limonium latifolium) is an herbaceous perennial with a basal rosette of leaves and a reddish woody base. Leaf blades are thick, leathery, obovate to oblong and four to eight inches long, with smooth, often wavy margins. The Ohlone tribes, of San Francisco and Monterrey Bays, made a decoction of the plant for various medicinal uses such as treatment of internal injuries and urinary problems. Recently, it has been reported that the extracts of this plant can help prevent some types of food poisoning.

The Wax Mallow, Malvaviscus arboreus, is widely grown as a garden ornamental, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. This species has escaped from cultivation and become naturalized principally in open, disturbed areas. People use the flower and leaf to make medicine. Mallow is used for irritation of the mouth and throat, dry cough, and bronchitis. It is also used for stomach and bladder complaints. To treat wounds, some people put mallow in a warm moist dressing (poultice) and apply it directly to the skin, or add it to bath water. In foods, mallow is used as a coloring agent.

M. alba is a rapidly growing deciduous woody perennial with a deep root system that can grow up to 40 feet tall. Mulberry trees are either dioecious or monoecious, and a tree sometimes will change from one sex to another. It is native to central and eastern China, and is widely cultivated and naturalized elsewhere across the world, largely due to sericulture. White mulberries are highly nutritious and contain a good amount of fiber, vitamin C, and iron in each serving. Studies have found that white mulberry may help slow cancer cell growth, reduce cholesterol levels, and improve blood sugar management. However, more human research is needed.

Rambutan is a medium-sized tropical tree in the Sapindaceae family. This tree's name also refers to the edible fruit it produces. It is related to a number of other edible tropical fruits, including the lychee, longan, pulasan, and mamoncillo. Widely cultivated for its fresh fruit, as well as for syrup, stewed fruit, and jams. The brightly colored fruits are commonly used in flower and fruit arrangements. Rambutan pericarp contains tannin and saponin, and it is dried and used medicinally in Java. In Malaysia, the roots are decocted to treat fever, the leaves are used for poulticing, and the bark is used as an antiseptic for tongue diseases. Rambutan tallow can be eaten and used to make soap and candles. Rambutan wood is relatively hard and heavy, and is said to be resistant to insects but not fungi; however, trees are usually too small to be valued as timber.

The Pachira aquatica plant is considered to be the most effective plant for cleaning the air since it is able to absorb harmful substances from the atmosphere. It cleans the air and makes your house a more secure environment for you and your loved ones to spend time in.

The leaves of Jicama plants are trifoliate and inedible. The true prize is the gigantic taproot, which is harvested within the first year. Jicama growing plants have green lima bean-shaped pods and bear clusters of white flowers 8 to 12 inches (20-31 cm.) in length. The seeds showed a high content of proteins, lipids, Fe and Ca, in comparison to other legumes. Glutelins constitute the highest protein fraction, followed by globulins. Anti-nutritional substances detected as tannins, hemagglutinating activity and trypsin inhibitory activity, were in low concentrations. Seeds were also processed to obtain a flour which showed proper characteristics, good in vitro digestibility, significant rotenoid reduction level and amino acid composition rich in essential amino acids, except methionine.

Avocado is a medium-sized tree reaching a height of up to 10 to 15 meters. Leaves are alternate, leathery, oblong to oval or obovate, about 20 centimeters long Introduced from tropical America before the end of the sixteenth century but now extensively cultivated in the Philippines for its edible fruit. A good source of vitamins A, some B, C and E, potassium (higher than bananas) and fiber ; fair source of iron; low in calcium. A fruit with high-energy producing value, each edible pound allegedly provides an average of 1,000 calories. Unripe fruit is poisonous and ground-up seed mixed with cheese is used as a rat and mouse poison 

The Artillery Plant, Pilea microphylla is a short-lived perennial or annual herbs that typically grows only 8 to 12 inches tall and quickly forming spreading clumps up to two feet wide with light green, almost succulent, stems and tiny 1/8" leaves that are papery when dry. The cultivar ‘Variegata’ has leaves blotched white and pink. Studies have suggested antioxidant, antidiabetic, radioprotective, antimicrobial, cytoprotective, antigenotoxic, antidepressant properties. An ethanolic extract of Pilea microphylla was found inhibit iron-induced lipid peroxidation. In screening for in vivo radioprotection in Swiss albino mice, it showed 80% protection. The fraction also protected livers of irradiated mice from depletion of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, provided general protection to the intestine from acute radiation effects.

Oregano is an erect, spreading, branched, rather coarse, strongly aromatic, green herb, with fleshy stems. Leaves are fleshy, broadly ovate, 4 to 9 centimeters long, often heart-shaped, and somewhat hairy, with rounded toothed margins, with the tip and base decurrent. This herb has therapeutic and nutritional properties attributed to its natural phytochemical compounds which are highly valued in the pharmaceutical industry. Besides, it has horticultural properties due to its aromatic nature and essential oil producing capability. It is widely used in folk medicine to treat conditions like cold, asthma, constipation, headache, cough, fever and skin diseases. The leaves of the plant are often eaten raw or used as flavoring agents, or incorporated as ingredients in the preparation of traditional food.

Plectranthus scutellarioides is a bushy, woody-based evergreen perennial listed as ‘cultivation escape, naturalized weed’ and is known to be an invasive species in Cuba. It is now cultivated pantropically. The species is considered a medicinal plant in many cultures but has also been classed as a narcotic hallucinogen.

An erect shrub or small tree growing from 2 to 8 m (6.6 to 26.2 ft) in height. The bark is reddish brown. Its leaves are digitate, with five lanceolate leaflets, sometimes three. The leaves and its extracts are known to be a medicine as anti-inflammatory, expectorant, tranquilizer, antispasmodic, anti convalesant, rejuvenative, anti-arthritic, anthelminthic, anti-fungal and antipyretic. A fantastic looking plant that is valued for its beautiful foliage, which come three leaves to a stem on a study trunk. In addition to its beauty, it also purifies your indoor air and adds moisture to the air.

Psidium guajava, commonly known as guava (bayabas in Filipino), is a large dicotyledonous shrub or small evergreen tree. It can grow from 3 to 10 meters with leaves 7-15 cm long and 3-7 cm wide with a dull and leathery texture. It has 7-12 cm fruit that turns light yellow when ripe and has red flesh with many flat tiny seeds inside. It originated in tropical and sub-tropical Americas and is considered invasive. Aqueous extracts from its leaves possess antimicrobial activities against Shigella spp., Vibrio spp., S. aureus, B-strep, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and B. subtilis. In addition, the fruit contains a high amount of vitamin C and can be used as a remedy for dysentery when dried. The wood from its tree is used as firewood and materials for carpentry, while its fruit can be sold and turned into different products. 

Lima-lima is a smooth vine, 2 to 6 meters high. Petioles are longer than the leaflets. Leaves are palmately compound leaves, with 5 to 6 leaflets. Leaflets are smooth and shining, leathery, elliptic to broadly ovate, of different sizes in the same leaf, 10 to 24 centimeters in length, 3 to 8 centimeters wide, with pointed tips. Study evaluating the mechanisms of how saponins from leaf extracts of S. odorata modulate cell signaling pathways suggest: (1) leaf extracts act as an extracellular signal switching off extracellular enzymes and (2) induction of apoptosis through signal transmission into the nucleus promoting DNA fragmentation of cancer cell lines. Study also demonstrated antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties.

Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis) is an erect, rhizomatous perennial herb that grows in Europe, Asia, and North and South America. It is mostly found growing in moist conditions on abandoned farmlands, pastures, fields, and along roadsides. Its central stems are clad with numerous, narrow, alternate, lance-shaped, sharply-toothed, stalkless to short-stalked green leaves (to 6" long and 1" wide). Historically, goldenrod (Solidago canadensis or Solidago virgaurea) has been used on the skin to heal wounds. It is most often used as a diuretic, meaning it helps the body get rid of excess fluid, and reducing inflammation. The name solidago means "to make whole or heal."

Aduas (Spondias pinnata) is a wild deciduous tree native to southeast Asia and distributed across many south Asian countries. It is primarily used as an antiseptic, astringent, anti-microbial, and anti-diabetes due to its hypoglycemic effects. It is also used as a souring agent to some Filipino dishes like sinigang. 

Spondias purpura is a flowering plant in the cashew family, Anacardiaceae, native to the tropical Americas from Mexico to Brazil. It is very prevalent on the majority of Caribbean islands. The fruit can be found alone or in groups of two or three. The ripe fruit is usually dark or bright red, but it can also be purple, orange, red-and-yellow, and even yellow, and it is sometimes confused with the yellow mombin. The S. purpurea has been shown to have anti-bacterial properties, and its leaf extract is said to be effective in treating swollen glands. Numerous parts of the plant, including its bark, have been used to treat dysentery, diarrhea, headaches, and sore throats depending on the region.

It is apparently native to dry savannahs of tropical Africa and Madagascar. Tamarindus indica grows in woodland, savannah, and bush areas, often associated with termite mounds. Tamarind is a long-lived, slow-growing and highly wind-resistant deciduous tree that can reach 20-30 m height with a canopy spread of 8-14 m in diameter. The leaves are alternate, even, and pari-pinnately compound. The fruit is a pendulous indehiscent pod that can be 7-20 cm long and 1.5-3.0 cm wide. Famous for its fruits sweet and sour to a tangy and tart flavor as a candy or an ingredient in the Philippine cuisine. Recent research had found that many parts of the Tamarind tree have been used in traditional medicines to treat diseases as well as symptoms.

Variegated Greater Periwinkle is an evergreen, mat-forming, perennial with long prostate rooting stems covered with ivory-margined sea green leaves. This flowering plant is native to Europe and Asia and grows up to 8 to 18 inches tall. Its flowers vary from violet to blue color and is 4-5 centimeter in width, opening from mid-spring to autumn. The plant is astringent, bitter, detergent, sedative, stomachic, and tonic. It contains the alkaloid "vincamine", used by the pharmaceutical industry as a cerebral stimulant and vasodilator. It is applied externally to vaginal discharge, nosebleed, sore throat and mouth ulcers.

A plant with strong green colored leaves with an almost serrated edges. Its texture is rough and thick. These plants are considered to be poisonous when consumed but is kept as a house plant or an indoor plant by some. Lagundi product has long been used for cough and asthma relief.

Vitis vinifera, commonly known as European wine grape or common grape, is a woody, deciduous vine that climbs by branched tendrils to 40-60’ long over time if left unpruned. This vine can climb to the tops of trees or sprawl horizontally over low-growing shrubs. Small, greenish, hermaphroditic flowers bloom in May-June in dense panicles. Flowers give way to bunches of soft pulpy grapes (botanically berries) which ripen in summer. Grapes are somewhat variable in size, form and color. According to the researchers from Brazil, leaves remain a waste product from many vine farming, although they show  10  times higher antioxidant activity than grape juice or pulp. 

Zamioculcas zamiifolia is a flowering plant in the Araceae family. It is an evergreen plant that grows from a stout underground, succulent water-storing rhizome, attaining a height of 45 to 60 centimeters. Leaves are pinnate, 40 to 60 centimeters long, with 6-8 pairs of leaflets 7 to 15 centimeters long, smooth, shiny and dark green. It is an unusually drought resistant medicinal plant native to tropical east Africa and subtropical southeast Africa, considered a living fossil which may have evolved as early as 42 million years ago. It has traditional medicinal use found on the roots of ZZ plants that are rich in steroid, triterpenoid, flavonoid, and polyphenolic. The extract is also a source of antioxidants and the juice is used to treat ear-ache in Tanzania. The locals also use the entire plant to treat the inflammatory condition–Mshipa. The leaves of the plants are also used by the shamans in the jungles of Ghana to cure stomach ailments.

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